Enter left, right, upward, downward, stretching or shrinking.
(a) The graph of $f(x)=(x+22)^2$ can be obtained from shifting the graph of $f(x)=x^2$ to the 22 units.
(b) The graph of $f(x)=x^2+22$ can be obtained from shifting the graph of $f(x)=x^2$ 22 units.
(c) The graph of $f(x)=22\sqrt{x}$ can be obtained by the graph of $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$ vertically by a factor 22.
(d) The graph of $f(x)=\sqrt{22 x}$ can be obtained by the graph of $f(x)=\sqrt{x}$ horizontally by a factor $\frac{1}{22}$.