(a) Find .
(b) What does your answer to part (a) tell you about where is the circle in the -plane, oriented clockwise?
(c) If is any closed curve, what can you say about ?
(d) Now let be the half circle in the -plane with , traversed from to . Find by using your result from (c) and considering plus the line segment connecting the endpoints of .
You can earn partial credit on this problem.