Starting with the graph of $y=3^x$, write the equation of the graph that results from

(a) shifting 2 units downward
(b) shifting 2 units to the right
(c) reflecting about the $x$-axis
(d) reflecting about the $y$-axis
(e) reflecting about the $x$-axis and then about the $y$-axis.

(a) $y =$
(b) $y =$
(c) $y =$
(d) $y =$
(e) $y =$