You should be able to do the first two problems without using a calculator. Use the basic definitions of logarithms and exponentials. If you see a base 3 logarithm, for example, compute the first few powers of 3, and see how they relate to the number of which you are taking the logarithm.

Evaluate the following expressions.

(a) $\log_ { 2 } \left ( \frac {1} { 32 }\right ) =$

(b) $\log_ { 3 } 1 =$

(c) $\log_ { 4 } \sqrt { 1024 } =$

(d) $9 ^ { \log_ {9 } 9 } =$