Starting with the graph of $f(x) = 3^{x}$, write the equation of the graph that results from

(a) shifting $f(x)$ 6 units downward. $y =$

(b) shifting $f(x)$ 8 units to the left. $y =$

(c) reflecting $f(x)$ about the y-axis. $y =$

(d) reflecting $f(x)$ about the line y = -3. $y =$